Official name	Santiago
Map caption	Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago
Pushpin map	Chile
Pushpin map caption	Location in Chile
Pushpin mapsize	150
Coordinates region	CL-RM
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	Chile
Subdivision type1	Region
Subdivision name1	Santiago Metropolitan Region
Subdivision type2	Province
Subdivision name2	Santiago Province
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Pablo Zalaquett Said (UDI)
Established title	Foundation
Established date	February 12, 1541
Unit pref	Metric
Area total sq mi	22.4
Area urban km2	641.4
Area metro km2	15403.2
Population as of	2009
Population total	200792
Population demonym	''Santiaguinos'' (-''as'')
Population density km2	8,964
Population density sq mi	23,216
Population urban	6676745
Population metro	7.2 Million
Timezone	Chile Time (CLT)
Utc offset	-4
Timezone dst	Chile Summer Time (CLST)
Utc offset dst	-3
Elevation m	520
Elevation ft	1706
Website	municipalidaddesantiago.cl
Footnotes	}}

Santiago (), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile, and the center of its largest conurbation (Greater Santiago). It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of above mean sea level. Although Santiago is the capital, legislative bodies meet in the coastal town of Valparaíso, a one-hour drive to the west.

Chile's steady economic growth has transformed Santiago into one of Latin America's most modern metropolitan areas, with extensive suburban development, dozens of shopping centers, and impressive high-rise architecture. It is an Alpha(-) World City and has a very modern transport infrastructure, including the steadily growing underground Santiago Metro, an effort at modernizing public bus transport and a free flow toll-based ring road and inner city highway system, part of which is tunneled underneath a large section of the city's main river Mapocho connecting the Eastern and Western extremes of the city in a 25-minute drive. Santiago is the regional headquarters to many multinationals, and a financial center. Santiago has a diverse, cosmopolitan culture.

Usage note

In Chile there are several entities which bear the name of Santiago that are often confused: The Commune of Santiago (sometimes referred to as Santiago Centro, English: ''Central Santiago''), is an administrative division that comprises roughly the area occupied by the city during its colonial period. The Commune of Santiago, which is administered by a city council and headed by a mayor, is part of the Santiago Province (headed by a Provincial Governor), which is in itself a subdivision of the Santiago Metropolitan Region (headed by an Intendant). Still, throughout this article, and as it is widely accepted, the term Santiago will refer to what is commonly known as Greater Santiago (Spanish: Gran Santiago), a territorial extension defined by its urban continuity that includes the Commune of Santiago in addition to 36 other communes, which together comprise the majority of the Santiago Province and some areas of neighboring provinces (see Political divisions). The Greater Santiago inhabitants are called ''Santiaguinos/as''.

History

Founding of the city

Santiago was founded by Spanish Conquistador Pedro de Valdivia on February 12, 1541 with the name ''Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura'', as a homage to Saint James and Extremadura, Valdivia's birth place in Spain. The founding ceremony was held on Huelén Hill (later renamed ''Cerro Santa Lucía''). Valdivia chose the location of Santiago because of its climate, abundant vegetation and the ease with which it could be defended—the Mapocho River then split into two branches and rejoined further downstream, forming an island. The Inca ruler Manco Cápac II warned the new rulers that his people would be hostile to the occupiers. The Spanish invaders had to battle against hunger caused by this resistance. Pedro de Valdivia ultimately succeeded in stabilizing the food supply and other resources needed for Santiago to thrive.

The layout of the new town consisted of straight roads of 12 varas () width, in equal intervals of 138 varas () perpendicular to each other. With nine roads in the east-west direction and 15 in the north-south direction, there were 126 blocks that formed the so-called ''manzanas'', or square cut.

Attempted destruction

The continued resistance of the indigenous population resulted in a series of further conflicts. On September 11, 1541 the Picunche chief Michimalonco led an attack on Santiago, beginning a three-year-long war. At the time, the Conquistadores were in a precarious situation, suffering persistent food shortages in almost complete isolation from the rest of the world.

In January of 1542, Pedro de Valdivia sent an emissary, Alonso de Monroy, to Peru to request help. The Conquistadors suffered 20 harsh months until de Monroy returned from Peru with reinforcements, ending the isolation and demoralizing situation of the soldiers in Santiago. The uprising ultimately failed and the indigenous population moved south.

Colonial Santiago

Despite threats from Indian attacks, and natural disasters such as earthquakes, and floods, Santiago was rapidly settled. Of the 126 blocks designed by Gamboa in 1558, 40 were occupied by 1580, while nearby lands supported tens of thousands of livestock. These early settlers constructed the first important buildings in the city, including the first Cathedral in 1561 and the Church of San Francisco, built in 1618. Both structures were built primarily of adobe and stone.

In 1767, the corregidor Luis Manuel de Zañartu began construction on the Calicanto Bridge, one of the most important architectural works of the entire colonial period in Chile. The bridge was completed in 1779 and linked the two halves of the city across the Mapocho River.

In 1770, Governor Agustín de Jáuregui hired the Italian architect Toesca Joaquin to design, among other important works, the facade of the Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral and La Moneda, the presidential palace. The government of Ambrosio O'Higgins opened a major road to Valparaíso in 1791.

Independence

On 12 February 1817, the Battle of Chacabuco was fought a short distance north of Santiago in the town of Colina. Argentine and Chilean armies, led by José de San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins, fought Spanish royalists. On the same day, Chile proclaimed its independence.

During the authoritarian era of the so-called Republic, from 1830 to 1891, the school system was introduced and cultural life started to flourish. In 1843 the Universidad de Chile was founded, followed by the Universidad Pontificia Católica in 1888. By 1885, the population of Santiago had reached 189,322.

Nineteenth century

During the years of the Republican era, institutions such as the University of Chile (Universidad de Chile), the Normal School of Preceptors, the School of Arts and Crafts, and the Quinta Normal, which included the Museum of Fine Arts (now Museum of Science and Technology) and the National Museum of Natural History, were founded. Created primarily for educational use, they also became examples of public planning during that period. In 1851, the first telegraph system connecting the capital with the Port of Valparaíso was inaugurated.

A new momentum in the urban development of the capital took place during the so-called "Liberal Republic" and the administration of the city's mayor, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna. Among the main works during this period are the remodeling of the Cerro Santa Lucia which, despite its central location, had been in very poor shape. In an effort to transform Santiago, Vicuña Mackenna began construction of the ''Camino de Cintura'', a road surrounding the entire city. A new redevelopment of the Alameda Avenue turned it into the main traffic artery of the city.

Also during this time and with the work of European landscapers in 1873, O'Higgins Park came to existence. The park, open to the public, became an point of interest in Santiago due to its large gardens, lakes, and carriages. Other important buildings were opened during this era, such as the Teatro Municipal opera house, and the Riding Club. At the same time, the 1875 International Exposition was held in the grounds of the Quinta Normal.

The city also became the main hub of the national railway system. The first railroad reached the city on September 14, 1857 at the Central Station of Santiago. Under construction at the time, the station would be opened permanently in 1884. During those years, railways connected the city to Valparaíso as well as regions in the north and south of Chile. The streets of Santiago were paved and by 1875 and there were 1,107 cars in the city during that year, while 45,000 people used tram services on a daily basis.

Growth and development

The 1930s saw the beginning of a transformation of the city into a modern, industrialized one. In the following decades, Santiago flourished and continued to grow rapidly due to emigration from Chile's northern and southern regions. In 1940 the city was home to 952,075 people, rising to 1,350,409 in 1952 and 1,907,378 by 1960.

{| | | | | |} Santiago's growth was reflected in the appearance of poverty-stricken neighborhoods in some areas of the city, while rural areas on the periphery of the city were increasingly urbanized. In 1930 the urban city center had an area of 6,500 hectares, increasing to 20,900 by 1960 and 38,296 by 1980. Although most of the communities continued to expand, growth was concentrated in outlying communities such as Canyon to the west, the north of the city, and Conchalí, Las Cisternas, and La Granja to the south. The wealthier sections of society became concentrated in areas such as Las Condes and La Reina. In contrast, the center of Santiago gradually decreased in population, leaving space for the development of trade, banking and government activities.

While the majority of Santiago's growth took place without any regulation, various development plans for Greater Santiago began to be implemented in the late 1950s. In 1958 a plan was launched to regulate urban areas, setting a size limit of 38,600 hectares for the city, for a maximum population of 3,260,000 inhabitants. New roads such as the Avenida Américo Vespucio Ring-Road and the Pan American Highway were constructed, while existing industrial centers were enlarged and new ones established. The hosting of the World Cup in 1962 gave new impetus to the improvement of public works within the city. In 1966 the Metropolitan Park of Santiago was established in the Cerro San Cristóbal and the Department of Housing and Urban Planning (Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, MINVU) began eradicating shanty towns, replacing them with the construction of new homes. San Borja, built near the Diego Portales University, was also remodeled at this time.

The new international Pudahuel Airport opened in 1968 and, after years of debate, construction of the Santiago Metro began in 1969 and was completed in 1975. The Metro was very successful and in subsequent years expanded, comprising two perpendicular lines by the end of 1978. Telecommunications were also improved with the construction of the Torre Entel in 1975, which would become one of the symbols of the capital and the tallest structure in the country for two decades.

After the coup of 1973 and the establishment of a military regime, no major changes were made to urban planning until the beginning of 1980, when the government adopted a neoliberal economic model and took on the role of supervisor of a market economy. In 1979 the master plan was amended, extending the urban area to more than 62,000 hectares. Expansion has been particularly acute in La Florida, the country's most populous municipality with 328,881 inhabitants at the time of the 1992 census.

A strong earthquake struck the city on March 3, 1985, causing few casualties but leaving thousands homeless and destroying many old buildings. Another earthquake, on February 27, 2010, caused massive destruction and 82 deaths in other regions of Chile but little recorded damage in Santiago.

Geography

The city lies in the center of the ''Santiago Basin'', a large bowl-shaped valley consisting of a broad and fertile lands surrounded by mountains. The city has a varying elevation, with in the western areas and in the Plaza Baquedano. It is flanked by the main chain of the Andes on the east and the Chilean Coastal Range on the west. On the north, it is bounded by the ''Cordón de Chacabuco'', a mountain range of the Andes. The Andes mountains around Santiago are quite tall; the tallest of which is the Tupungato volcano at . Other volcanoes include Tupungatito, San José and Maipo. Cerro El Plomo is the highest mountain visible from Santiago's urban area. At the southern border lies the ''Angostura de Paine'', an elongated spur of the Andes that almost reaches the coast. The Santiago Basin is part of the Intermediate Depression and is remarkably flat, interrupted only by a few hills; among them are Cerro Renca, Cerro Blanco and Cerro Santa Lucía. This basin is approximately 80 km in a north-south direction and 35 km from east to west.

Hundreds of millions of years ago, the area comprising most of the present-day city was undersea. The only nearby landmass was what is now the Coastal Range. South America was one of several continents that belonged to the supercontinent of Gondwana. The morphology of the region began to take on its present shape in the late Paleozoic when the Nazca Plate began subducting beneath the South American plate. This collision folded the crust until the Triassic, lifting the rocks that gave rise to the Andes. Subsequent tectonic activities raised much of Chile's coastal seabed above water, forming the Intermediate Depression.

During recent decades, urban growth has expanded the boundaries of the city to the east closer to the Andean Precordillera. Even in areas such as La Dehesa, Lo Curro and El Arrayan has been reached to overcome the barrier of 1000 metres of altitude. Some low-lying foothills of the Andes emerge and goes into the basin, as is the If the mountain range of The Pyramid and the hill Cerro San Cristobal, in the northeastern sector of Santiago.

To the east stands the massive call Ramon Sierra, a mountain chain formed in the foothills of the Precordillera due to the action of the fault Ramon, reaching 3296 metres at the Cerro de Ramon. 20 km further east is the Cordillera of the Andes with its mountain ranges and volcanoes, many of which exceed and in which some glaciers are maintained. The higher the Tupungato volcano with 6570 metres, [17] located near the volcano Tupungatito of 5913 metres of altitude. To the northeast lie Cerro Plomo (5,424 m) and Nevado El Plomo 6070 metres in altitude. [17] To the southeast of the capital, meanwhile, are located on the Nevado Piuquenes (6,019 m) volcano San Jose (5,855 m) and the volcano Maipo (5,323 m). From these peaks, the Tupungatito as San José and Maipo are active volcanoes.

{| | | | | |}

Climate

Santiago has a somewhat cooler Mediterranean climate: relatively hot dry summers (November to March) with temperatures reaching up to on the hottest days; winters (June to August) are more humid with cold mornings, typical maximum daily temperatures of , and minimums of a few degrees above freezing. According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate in Santiago is ''Csb'', and it closely borders a semi-arid climate (''BSh/BSk'').

Occasional snowfall occurs in the city, and may extend throughout the city, though this happens infrequently (about every 8–10 years). Mean rainfall is per year and is heavily concentrated in the cooler months.

Among the main climatic features of Santiago is the concentration of about 80% of the precipitation during the austral winter months (May to September), varying between 50 and 80 mm of rainfall during these months. That amount contrasts with figures for the months corresponding to a very dry season, caused by an anticyclonic dominance continued for about seven or eight months, mainly during the summer months between December and March. Rainfall does not exceed 4 mm on average. Precipitation is usually only rain, as snowfall occurs mainly in the Precordillera above 1500 meters. Snowfall does occur in the eastern sectors, but rarely in rest of the city.

The temperatures vary throughout the year from an average of in January to in June and July. In the summer, January is hot, easily reaching over and a record high close to , while nights are generally pleasant and slightly cooler without lowering of . For his part, during autumn and winter the temperature drops and is slightly lower than the , the temperature may even drop slightly from , especially during the morning, and its historic low of in 1976.

Santiago's location within a watershed is one of the most important factors in the climate of the city. The coastal mountain range serves as a "screen climate" to oppose the spread of marine influence, contributing to the increase in annual and daily thermal oscillation (the difference between the maximum and minimum daily temperatures can reach 14°C) and maintaining low relative humidity close to an annual average of 70%. It also prevents the entry of air masses with the exception of some coastal low clouds that penetrate to the basin through the river valleys.

Prevailing winds are from the southwest direction, with an average of 15 km / h, especially during the summer as in winter calm prevail.

Environmental issues

Thermal inversion (a meteorological phenomenon whereby a stable layer of warm air holds down colder air close to the ground) causes high levels of smog and air pollution to be trapped and concentrate within the Central Valley during winter months. In the 1990s air pollution fell by about one-third, but there has been little progress since 2000.

As of March 2007, only 61% of the wastewater in Santiago was treated, which increased up to 71% by the end of the same year. However, the Mapocho River, which crosses the city from the north-east to the south-west of the Central Valley, remains contaminated by household, agricultural and industrial sewage, and by upstream copper-mining waste (there are a number of copper mines in the Andes east of Santiago), which is dumped unfiltered into the river. Laws require industry and local governments to process all their wastewater, but are loosely enforced. There are now a number of large wastewater processing and recycling plants under construction. There are ongoing plans to decontaminate the river and make it navigable.

Noise levels on the main streets are high, mostly because of noisy diesel buses. Diesel trucks and buses are also major contributors to winter smog. A lengthy replacement process of the bus system began in 2005 and will last until 2010 (see Transport section below). However, a major source of Santiago air pollution year-round is the smelter of El Teniente copper mine. Nevertheless, the government does not usually report it as being a local pollution source as it is just outside the reporting area of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, being 110 km. (70 miles) from downtown.

Urban issues

Santiago, as with Chile in general, is an economically divided city (Gini coefficient of 0.47). The western half of the city is much poorer than the eastern side. Accordingly, graffiti and crime are much more prevalent on the Western side. Public facilities such buildings or transport are often severely overcrowded.

The downtown area has a large number of homeless. Beggars are also common.

In Santiago, as with much of Chile, stray dogs are very common. Rabies is practically non-existent in Chile.

Demographics

According to data collected in the 2002 census by the National Institute of Statistics, the Santiago metropolitan area population reached 5,428,590 inhabitants, equivalent to 35.91% of the national total and 89.56 % of total regional inhabitants. This figure reflects broad growth in the population of the city during the 20th century: in 1907 had 383,587 inhabitants, 1,010,102 in 1940, 2,009,118 in 1960, 3,899,619 in 1982 and 4,729,118 in 1992. (percentage of total population, 2007)

The growth of Santiago has undergone several changes over the course of its history. In its early years, the city had a rate of growth 2.68% annually until the 17th century, then down to less than 2% per year until the early 20th century figures. The middle of this century was a demographic explosion explaining as, in its capacity as capital, absorbed on migration from mining camps in northern Chile during the crisis of the 1930s and from population from rural sectors between 1940 and 1960, mainly. Lots of migration coupled with the high fertility rate at that time were reflected in figures annual growth reached 4.92% between 1952 and 1960. However, since the end of this century, growth figures had reduced again, reaching 1.35% in the early 2000s. Similarly, the size of the city expanded constantly. The 20,000 hectares covering Santiago in 1960 doubled by 1980, reaching 64,140 hectares in 2002. Thus the density of population in Santiago is 8,464 inhabitants/km².

The population of Santiago has seen a steady increase over the years. For 2007, it is estimated that 32.89% of men and 30.73% of women were less than 20 years old, while 10.23% of men and 13.43% of women were over 60 years. In contrast, in 1990 the total population under 20 years was 38.04 % and 8.86% were over 60. For the year 2020, it is estimated that both figures will be 26.69% and 16.79%.

4,313,719 people in Chile say they were born in one of the communes of the Santiago Metropolitan Region which according to the 2002 census amounts to 28.54% of the national total. 67.6% of the current inhabitants of Santiago claim to been born in one of the communes of the metropolitan area. 2.11% of the inhabitants are immigrants mainly from other Latin American countries such as Argentina and Peru.

Economy

Santiago is the industrial and financial center of Chile, and generates 45% of the country's GDP. Some international institutions, such as ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), have their offices in Santiago. Currently under construction is the Costanera Center, a mega project in Santiago's Financial District. This includes a mall, a tower, two office towers of each, and a hotel tall. In January 2009 the retailer in charge, Cencosud, said in a statement that the construction of the mega-mall would gradually be reduced until financial uncertainty is cleared. In January 2010, Cencosud announced the re-start of the project, and this was taken generally as a symbol of the country's success over the global financial crisis. Close to Costanera Center another skyscraper is already in use, Titanium La Portada, tall. Although these are the two biggest projects, there are many other office buildings under construction in Santiago, as well as hundreds of high rise residential buildings. In February 2011, Gran Costanera Tower, part of the Costanera Center proyect, reached the 226 meters mark, officially becoming the tallest structure in Latin America.

Industry

Santiago is Chile’s major industrial and agricultural region. The bulk of Chile’s industrial and commercial activity is concentrated in the national and regional capital of Santiago, but there are important farm-supply, marketing, and processing activities at San Bernardo (location of major railroad shops), Puente Alto (a paper- and gypsum-processing center), Melipilla, Talagante, and Buin. Dairying and beef production are significant; the main crops are grains, grapes, potatoes, and beans. Copper, gypsum, and limestone are mined. Marketing is facilitated by the proximity of urban centers, by main-line railroad communications, and by the best-developed regional road system in Chile.

Commerce

Santiago is Chile's retail capital. Falabella, Paris, Mega Johnsons, Ripley, La Polar and several other department stores dot the mall landscape of Chile. The east side neighborhoods like Vitacura, La Dehesa, and Las Condes are home to Santiago's swanky Alonso de Cordova street and malls like Parque Arauco and Alto Las Condes, all known for their luxurious shopping scene. Alonso de Cordova is Santiago's equivalent to Rodeo Drive or Rua Oscar Freire in São Paulo, with exclusive stores like Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Emporio Armani, Salvatore Ferragamo, Ermenegildo Zegna, MaxMara, Longchamp, and many more stores that carry exclusive brands. Alonso de Cordova also houses some of Santiago's most famous restaurants, art galleries, wine showrooms and furniture stores. There are also plans for a Saks Fifth Avenue in Santiago. For a more bohemian scene there are several mercados in the city that sell local goods and Bellavista where some of the most exclusive night clubs and chic cafes are located.

Transport

Air

Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport is Santiago's national and international airport. 15 minutes from the centre via the urban motorways (Costanera Norte-Vespucio Norte).

Rail

right|thumb|Central StationTrains operated by Chile's national railway, Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado, connect Santiago to Chillan, in the central-southern part of the country. All such trains arrive and depart from the ''Estación Central'' ("Central Station") which can be accessed by bus or subway.

The routes and coverage are from:

Santiago–San Fernando.

Santiago–Chillán.

Talca–Constitución.

Talcahuano–Hualqui.

Talcahuano–Renaico.

Victoria–Temuco.

Inter-urban buses

Bus companies provide passenger transportation from Santiago to most areas of the country, while some also provide parcel-shipping and delivery services. There are several bus terminals in Santiago:

Terminal San Borja: located near the Metro station "Estación Central", where also depart train services to Rancagua, Talca and Chillán.

Terminal Los Heroes: located near the Metro station "Los Héroes"

Terminal La Paz: located in the municipality of Independencia, the closest Metro station is "Puente Cal y Canto"

Alameda Interchange: located near the Metro station "Universidad de Santiago", from here depart a veriety of bus services to the south of Chile.

Pajaritos Interchange: located in the same name Santiago Metro station, provides bus services to the international airport, inter-regional services to Valparaíso, Viña del Mar and several other coastal cities and towns.

Highways

Toll road, inter-urban free flow highways connect the city's extremes, including the Vespucio Highway (which surrounds the city describing a semicircle), Autopista Central (which crosses the city in a North-South direction), and the Costanera Norte (which runs from the eastern edge, in Las Condes to the international airport and the highways to Valparaíso on the western side of the city).

Public transport

Santiago has 37.32% of Chile's vehicles, with a total of 991,838 vehicles, 979,346 of which are motorized. 805,220 cars pass through the city, which is equivalent to 37.63% of the national and at a rate of one car for every 7 people. To support this huge number of cars there is an extensive network of streets and avenues stretching across Santiago to facilitate travel between the different communities that make up the metropolitan area.

As regards public transport, during the 1990s various governmental efforts were attempted to resolve what was considered a chaotic system in the city. There were tendered in 1994 for the first time for the routes of the yellow buses (minibuses identified with the colour). Despite this, the system had serious issues of routes overlapping, contamination and unsafety for riders, and therefore a new transport system, called Transantiago was devised. The system was launched on February 10, 2007, combining core services across the city with a local feeder routes, which have a unified system of payment through a contactless smartcard called "Tarjeta bip!". In its first months, Transantiago showed a series of errors in design and implementation, which lately have been majorly resolved by the authorities. However, a high rate of evasion of fare payment, and some frequency issues in certain areas remain as of August 2010.

Metro de Santiago carries over 2 million passengers daily through its five lines (1, 2, 4, 4A and 5), extending over 84 km and 89 stations. In 2010, a new extension to the commune of Maipú expanded the Metro to more than 105 km in length. Construction of two new lines (3 and 6) was confirmed recently by president Sebastián Piñera, and is expected to be operating in 2014.

Other local transport systems include 25,000 taxis, identified by black colour cars and yellow roof. In regard to cycling, in recent years the city has tried to promote the use of bicycles with the construction of bike paths and bike lanes, but so far the number built is limited and with little connections between the routes. Most cyclists ride on the street, and the use of helmets and lights is not extended.

Metro

With 101 stations currently in operation and 16 under construction, the Santiago Metro is South America's most extensive metro system. The system has five operating lines and carries around 2,400,000 passengers per day. Two underground lines (Line 4 and 4A) and an extension of Line 2 were inaugurated during late 2005 and beginning of 2006. Further extensions are currently underway on Lines 1 and 5. An announcement of plans for a new line was made by President Bachelet. The South Express Line, Line 6, will be finished by 2014, adding 12 stations to the network and approximately 15 km of track.

Commuter Rail

The company Trenes Metropolitanos S.A. provides suburban rail service under the brandname of Metrotren. There is only one southbound route, serving 18 stations between the Central Station of Santiago at Alameda and San Fernando, via Paine and Graneros. The electrified service expands over . About 10 daily trains operate the full distance in each direction, with up to 30 trains between Santiago and Graneros.

Bus

Transantiago is the name for the city's public transport system. It works by combining local (feeder) bus lines, main bus lines and the Metro network. It includes an integrated fare system, which allows passengers to make bus-to-bus or bus-to-metro transfers for the price of one ticket, using a contactless smartcard. Fares cannot be paid in cash, and if the card does not have enough credit, it must be recharged before a trip.

Taxi

Taxicabs are common in Santiago and are painted black with yellow roofs and have orange license plates. So-called ''radiotaxis'' may be called up by telephone and can be any make, model, or color but should always have the orange plates. ''Colectivos'' are shared taxicabs that carry passengers along a specific route for a fixed fee.

Political divisions

Greater Santiago lacks a metropolitan government for its administration, which is currently distributed between various authorities, complicating the operation of the city as a single entity. The highest authority in Santiago is considered to be the intendant of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, an unelected delegate of the president.

The whole of Greater Santiago does not fit perfectly into any administrative division, extending throughout four different provinces and 37 communes. The majority of its (as of 2002) lie within Santiago Province, with some peripheral areas contained in the provinces of Cordillera, Maipo and Talagante.

{| |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Communes in Santiago Province |- | valign="top" |

{| |- | style="width:20px; background:red;"| || Santiago |- | style="width:20px; background:#ffec80;"| || Cerrillos |- | style="width:20px; background:#f60;"| || Cerro Navia |- | style="width:20px; background:#a40;"| || Conchalí |- | style="width:20px; background:#55d400;"| || El Bosque |- | style="width:20px; background:#fea;"| || Estación Central |- | style="width:20px; background:#f59;"| || Huechuraba |- | style="width:20px; background:#a00;"| || Independencia |- | style="width:20px; background:#b3ff80;"| || La Cisterna |- | style="width:20px; background:#00aad4;"| || La Florida |- | style="width:20px; background:#00d4aa;"| || La Granja |} | valign="top" |

{| |- | style="width:20px; background:#89a02c;"| || La Pintana |- | style="width:20px; background:#8d5fd3;"| || La Reina |- | style="width:20px; background:#aa00d4;"| || Las Condes |- | style="width:20px; background:#80a;"| || Lo Barnechea |- | style="width:20px; background:#c8ab37;"| || Lo Espejo |- | style="width:20px; background:#ffb380;"| || Lo Prado |- | style="width:20px; background:#87cdde;"| || Macul |- | style="width:20px; background:#fc0;"| || Maipú |- | style="width:20px; background:#ff80e5;"| || Ñuñoa |- | style="width:20px; background:#d3bc5f;"| || Pedro Aguirre Cerda |- | style="width:20px; background:#59f;"| || Peñalolén |} | valign="top" |

{| |- | style="width:20px; background:#de87cd;"| || Providencia |- | style="width:20px; background:#ff7f2a;"| || Pudahuel |- | style="width:20px; background:#c87137;"| || Quilicura |- | style="width:20px; background:#ff8080;"| || Quinta Normal |- | style="width:20px; background:#a00;"| || Recoleta |- | style="width:20px; background:#d45500;"| || Renca |- | style="width:20px; background:#5fd38d;"| || San Joaquín |- | style="width:20px; background:#efa;"| || San Miguel |- | style="width:20px; background:#aade87;"| || San Ramón |- | style="width:20px; background:#a02c89;"| || Vitacura |} |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Communes in other provinces |- | valign="top" |

{| |- | style="width:20px; background:yellow;"| || Padre Hurtado |- | style="width:20px; background:#3771c8;"| || Pirque |} | valign="top" |

{| |- | style="width:20px; background:blue;"| || Puente Alto |- | style="width:20px; background:#4a0;"| || San Bernardo |} | valign="top" |

{| |- | style="width:20px; background:#04a;"| || San José de Maipo |} |}

Culture

Despite the long history, there are only a few historical buildings from the Spanish colonial period in the city, because Santiago - as the rest of the country - was regularly hit by earthquakes. The buildings from this period include the Casa Colorada (1769), the Church San Francisco (1586) and Posada del Corregidor (1750). Another reason that it lacks old buildings from this time is the new richness of Chile. At the time of the Spanish colony, the city had economically only a low impact, the upswing was only after independence. This explains the low age of many buildings built mainly in neoclassic style. The Cathedral on the central square (Plaza de Armas), 1745 according to plans by Joaquim Toesca built, ranks as the sights as Palacio de La Moneda, the Classicist Presidential Palace. The original building was between 1784 and 1805 of the architect Joaquín Toesca. Since 1846, the Presidential Palace is home to the Government. Other buildings at the Plaza de Armas are finished on 1882 and between 1804 and 1807 built Palacio de la real Audjencia, of 18. September 1810 - today date of Nationalfeiertages - met the first Government of the country. The Centre houses the historical museum with 12,000 exhibits. In the South-East of the square is the built in 1893 blue Eisenkontruktion of Edwards Kaufhauses (Edificio commercial Edwards) and the 1769 finished colonial building the "Casa Colorada", the historical city museum Close is the (Teatro Municipal) Theatre. In 1906 by an earthquake destroyed building was built of the French architect Brunet of Edward Baines 1857. Not far from the theatre the Mansión Subercaseaux (today seat Banco Edwards) and the National Library (one of the largest libraries of South America). Grouped opposite are the previous National Convention, the law courts, and the Royal Customs House (''Palacio real Casa de Aduana''), together with the Museum of pre-Columbian art. A fire destroyed the building in 1895. It was then rebuilt and reopened 1901 in neoclassic style. The first Chilean National Congress was 4. July 1811 decision (1810) the Government junta in Santiago formed by. The Congress was deposed under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973–1989) and after the dictatorship in Valparaíso on 11. Newly constituted March 1990. The Plaza Montt is the building of the Justice Palace (Palacio de Tribun Musicales). The building was between 1907 and 1926 of the architect Emilio Doyére. It is home to the Supreme Court (Corte comparison de Justicia). The Kollegialgericht with 21 judges is the highest judiciary in Chile. The judges be proposed by the judges of the Supreme Court and appointed by the President on lifetime. The building is also home of the Supreme Court of appeal.

At the Plaza Montt is the building of the Justice Palace (Palacio de Tribunales). The building was created from 1907 to 1926 after plans by the architect Emilio Doyére. It is the seat of the Supreme Court (Corte Suprema de Justicia). The panel of 21 judges is the highest judicial power in Chile. The judges are appointed by the judges of the Supreme Court and proposed by the President appointed for life. The building is also headquarters of the Supreme Court of the country. Calle Bandera ("Banner Street") leads to the building of the Merchants' Exchange (the ''Bolsa de Comercio''), completed in 1917, to the ''Club de la Unión'' (its building was opened in 1925), to the Universidad de Chile (1872), and to the oldest churchhouse in the city, the Iglesia de San Francisco (constructed between 1586 and 1628), with its Marian statue, ''La Virgen del Socorro'' ("The Virgin of Succour"), by Pedro de Valdivia. North of the ''Plaza de Armas'' ("Place of Arms", where the colonial militia was mustered), the Paseo Puente to Santo Domingo Church (1771) and Market (Mercado Central), a powerful iron construction. In the center of Santiago is the Torre Entel, a 127.4-meter-high television tower with observation deck, all completed in 1974; the tower serves as a communication center for the leading telephone company, ENTEL Chile.

With the Costanera Center, a commercial and architectural landmark of the capital. When completed in 2009 is a combination of jobs, housing, shopping and entertainment venues have been achieved. The project with a total area of 600,000 square meters, includes the 300-meter high "Gran Torre Costanera" (South America's tallest building) and three other commercial buildings with shopping malls, shops, cinemas, an amusement centre, restaurants, hotels, offices and luxury apartments. The four office towers extensive building complex is replaced by a highway and subway connections.

Music

There are two symphonic orchestras:

''Orquesta Filarmónica de Santiago'' ("Philharmonic Orchestra of Santiago"), which performs in the ''Teatro Municipal'' ("Municipal Theater")

''Orquesta Sinfónica de Chile'' ("Symphonic Orchestra of Chile"), dependent of the Universidad de Chile, performs in its theater.

There are a number of jazz establishments, some of them, including "El Perseguidor", "Thelonious", and "Le Fournil Jazz Club", are located in Bellavista, one of Santiago's "hippest" neighborhoods, though "Club de Jazz de Santiago", the oldest and most traditional one, is in Ñuñoa.

Annual festivals feature in Santiago with various acts such as Lollapalooza and Maquinaria festival

Newspapers

The most widely circulated newspapers in Chile are published by ''El Mercurio'' and ''Copesa'' and have earned more than the 901% of revenues generated in printed advertising in Chile.

Some of the most popular newspapers available in Santiago are:

''El Mercurio''

''La Tercera''

''La Cuarta''

''Las Últimas Noticias''

''La Segunda''

''The Clinic''

''The Santiago Times''

Sports

Santiago is home of Chile's most successful football clubs. The most successful of them is Colo Colo. It was founded on April 19, 1925. It has a long tradition and plays since the establishment of the first Chilean league in 1933 continuously in the highest league. 29 national titles, 10 Copa Chile successes and in 1991 champions of Copa Libertadores, Chile's only team that ever won the tournament. The club hosts its home games in the Estadio Monumental, in the commune of Macul.

Another great club is CF Universidad de Chile. The club is considered one of the best known and most successful with 14 national titles and 3 Copa Chile successes. It was founded on May 24, 1927 under the name Club Deportivo Universitario as a union of Club Náutico and Federación Universitaria. The founders were students of the Universidad de Chile. 1980, the organization separated from the University of Chile and the club is now completely independent. The team plays its home games in the Estadio Nacional de Chile, in the commune of Ñuñoa. Club Deportivo Universidad Católica was founded on April 21, 1937 and is also often referred to briefly as UC. It consists of fourteen different departments responsible for the students of the same university are excluded. Far beyond the borders of Chile is known mainly for his club soccer team. This team plays its home games in Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo. Universidad Católica has 10 national titles, making it the third most successful football club in the country. It has played the Copa Libertadores more than 20 times, reaching the final in 1993, losing to São Paulo FC.

Several other football clubs are based in Santiago, the most important of them being Unión Española, Audax Italiano, Palestino and Santiago Morning.

In addition to playing football in particular tennis and horse riding (here especially the Chilean Rodeo) plays an important role. In the entire metropolitan area are distributed Wettstuben in which mainly the male population of Santiago, the horse racing track at screens. Completed the 1904 Club Hípico is located in the south of the city.

Recreation

There is an extensive network of bicycle trails in the city, especially in the Providencia comuna. The longest section is the Americo Vespuccio road, which contains a very wide dirt path with many trees through the center of a street used by motorists on both sides. The next longest path is along the Mapocho River along avenida Andrés Bello. Many people use folding bicycles to commute to work.

The city's main parks are:

Cerro San Cristóbal - San Cristóbal Hill, which includes the Santiago Metropolitan Park Zoo

''Parque O'Higgins'' - O'Higgins Park

''Parque Forestal'' - Forestal Park, park located at the city center alongside Mapocho river

Cerro Santa Lucía - Santa Lucía Hill

Parque Araucano in Las Condes adjacent to the Parque Arauco shopping mall contains 30 hectares of gardens. It is closed for maintenance on Mondays.

Parque Inés de Suarez, Providencia.

Parque Padre Hurtado(a.k.a. Parque Intercomunal).

There are ski resorts to the east of the city (Valle Nevado, La Parva, El Colorado) and wineries in the plains west of the city.

Cultural places to visit include:

Museo de Bellas Artes - Fine Arts Museum

Barrio Bellavista, cultural and bohemian neighborhood

Central Station, railway station designed by Gustave Eiffel

Víctor Jara Stadium

Ex National Congress

Plaza de Armas, central square

Palacio de La Moneda, government palace

The main sport venues are Estadio Nacional (site of the 1962 World Cup final), Estadio Monumental David Arellano, Estadio Santa Laura and Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo.

Religion

As in most of Chile, the majority of the population of Santiago is Catholic. According to the National Census, carried out in 2002 by the National Statistics Bureau (INE), in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, 3,129,249 people 15 and older identified themselves as Catholics, equivalent to 68.7% of the total population, while 595,173 (13.1%) described themselves as Evangelical Protestants. Around 1.2% of the population declared themselves as being Jehovah's Witnesses, while 0.9% identified themselves as Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 0.25% as Jewish, 0.11% as Orthodox and 0.03% as Muslim. Approximately 10.4% of the population of the Metropolitan Region stated that they were atheist or agnostic, while 5.4% declared that they followed other religions.

Education

The city is home to numerous universities, colleges, research institutions and libraries.

The largest university and one of the oldest on the American continent is Universidad de Chile. The roots of the University date back to the year 1622, as on 19 August the first university in Chile under the name of Santo Tomás de Aquino was founded. On 28 July 1738, it was named the Real Universidad de San Felipe in honor of King Philip V of Spain. In the vernacular, it is also known as Casa de Bello (Spanish: Bellos house - after their first Rector, Andrés Bello) known. On 17 April 1839, after Chile from the mother country, the Kingdom of Spain, became independent, was officially to the University Universidad de Chile, and opened on 17 September 1843.

The Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC) was founded in June 1888. On 11 February 1930 was the university by a decree by Pope Pius XI. to an appointed Pontifical University, 1931, the full recognition by the Chilean government. Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas (1822–1897), Archbishop of Anazarba, was the founder and first rector of the PUC. The PUC is a modern university; the campus of San Joaquin has a number of contemporary buildings and offers many parks and sports facilities. Several courses are conducted in English. The current president Sebastián Piñera, minister Ricardo Raineri, and minister Hernán de Solminihac all attended PUC as students and worked in PUC as professors. In the 2010 admission process, approximately 48% of the students who achieved the best score in the Prueba de Selección Universitaria matriculated in the UC.

Higher education

Traditional

Universidad de Chile (U or UCH)

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC)

Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)

Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE)

Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM)

Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM)

Non-traditional

Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano (UAHC)

Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez (UAI)

Universidad Alberto Hurtado (UAH)

Universidad Bolivariana

Universidad Católica Raúl Silva Henríquez

Universidad Central de Chile

Universidad de Artes y Ciencias Sociales (Arcis)

Universidad de Artes, Ciencias y Comunicación (UNIACC)

Universidad de Ciencias de la Informática (UCINF) [www.ucinf.cl/]

Universidad de las Américas

Universidad de Los Andes

Universidad del Desarrollo

Universidad del Pacífico

Universidad Diego Portales

Universidad Europea de Negocios

Universidad Finis Terrae

Universidad Gabriela Mistral (UGM)

Universidad Mayor (UM)

Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello (Unab)

Universidad Pedro de Valdivia (Upv)

Universidad Santo Tomás

Universidad San Sebastián

Universidad Tecnológica Vicente Pérez Rosales

Instituto profesional DuocUC, de la Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, DuocUC, , :es:DuocUC

Instituto profesional INACAP

Other

Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg's ''Postgraduierten- und Weiterbildungszentrum der Universität Heidelberg'' in Santiago

David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies (DRCLAS) Regional Office in Santiago

Stanford Faculty in Santiago

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Santiago is twinned with:

Beijing, people's Republic of China>China (2007)

* São Paulo, Brazil (1998)

* Buenos Aires, Argentina (1992)

* Miami, United States

* Bogota, Colombia

* Madrid, Spain (1991)

Ankara, Turkey (2000)

* Kiev, Ukraine (1998)

* Riga, Latvia

* Guayaquil, Ecuador

* Minneapolis, United States (1961)

* Langreo, Spain (2007)

* Plasencia, Spain (2007)

* Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico (2008)

* Tunis, Tunisia (1994, "Friendship Pact")

* La Paz, Bolivia

* Manila, Philippines

Partner city

Paris, France (1997, "Friendship Pact")

Gallery

References

;Notes

External links

Municipality homepage

Santiago Tourist - An Independent Travel Guide

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Name	Santiago Calatrava Valls
Nationality	Spanish
Birth date	July 28, 1951
Birth place	Benimàmet, Valencia, Spain
Education	Polytechnic University of ValenciaSwiss Federal Institute of Technology
Discipline	Structural engineer, Architect, Sculptor
Institutions	Institution of Structural Engineers
Practice name	Santiago Calatrava
Significant projects	Athens Olympic Sports ComplexAuditorio de TenerifeAlamillo bridgeChords BridgeCiutat de les Arts i les Ciències
Significant awards	AIA Gold MedalIStructE Gold MedalEugene McDermott AwardPrince of Asturias AwardAuguste Perret Prize }}

Santiago Calatrava Valls (, born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish architect, sculptor and structural engineer whose principal office is in Zürich, Switzerland. Classed now among the elite designers of the world, he has offices in Zürich, Paris, Valencia, and New York City.

Early life and education

Calatrava was born in Benimàmet, an old municipality now integrated as an urban part of Valencia, Spain, where he pursued his undergraduate architecture degree at the Polytechnic University of Valencia along with a post-graduate course in urbanism. During his schooldays, he also undertook independent projects with a group of fellow students, bringing out two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza. Following graduation in 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland, for graduate work in civil engineering. In 1981, after completing his doctoral thesis, "On the Foldability of Space Frames", he started his architecture and engineering practice.

Career

Calatrava's early career was largely dedicated to bridges and train stations, whose designs elevated the status of civil engineering projects to new heights. His Montjuic Communications Tower in Barcelona, Spain (1991) in the heart of the 1992 Olympic site, as well as the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Canada (1992), were important works and turning points in his career, leading to a wide range of commissions. The Quadracci Pavilion (2001) of the Milwaukee Art Museum was his first building in the United States. Calatrava's entry into high-rise design began with an innovative 54-story-high twisting tower called Turning Torso (2005), located in Malmö, Sweden.

Calatrava is currently designing the future train station – World Trade Center Transportation Hub – at the rebuilt World Trade Center in New York City.

Calatrava's style has been heralded as bridging the division between structural engineering and architecture. In the projects, he continues a tradition of Spanish modernist engineering that includes Félix Candela and Antonio Gaudí. Nonetheless, his style is also very personal and derives from numerous studies of the human body and the natural world.

Recent projects

One of his newest projects is a residential skyscraper named 80 South Street after its own address, composed of 10 townhouses in the shape of cubes stacked on top of one another. The townhouses move up a main beam and follow a ladder-like pattern, providing each townhouse with its own roof. The "townhouse in the sky" design has attracted a high-profile clientele willing to pay the hefty US$30 million for each cube. It is planned to be built in New York City's financial district facing the East River. As of 2008, this project had been canceled; the Manhattan real estate market had gone soft, and none of the ten multimillion-dollar townhouses had been sold.

He designed the approved (now canceled) skyscraper, the Chicago Spire, in Chicago. Originally commissioned by Chicagoan Christopher Carley, Irish developer Garrett Kelleher purchased the building site for the project in July 2006 when Carley's financing plans fell through. Construction of the building began in August 2007 for completion in 2011. The Chicago Spire would have been the tallest building in North America. The project was later canceled in early 2010.

His work includes three bridges that will eventually span the Trinity River in Dallas. Construction of the first bridge (Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge), named after donor Margaret Hunt Hill, has been repeatedly delayed due to high costs, a fact that has sparked much controversy and criticism. If they are completed, Dallas will join the Dutch county of Haarlemmermeer in having three Calatrava bridges.

Calatrava's design for the Peace Bridge, a 130m pedestrian bridge to span the Bow River in downtown Calgary, Alberta, Canada, will cost approximately $24.5 million. The project was approved by city council in early January 2009 and is scheduled for completion in fall 2010. Public disclosure of Peace Bridge was made on 28 July 2009 to the public and praised as a sleek, elegant contribution to downtown Calgary. The design showed a sleek, tubular, single-span red and white trestle, offering separate pathways for cyclists and pedestrians. The bridge is expected to serve 5,000 pedestrians and cyclists daily.

On 16 June 2009, it was announced that Calatrava would be designing the first building of the new University of South Florida Polytechnic campus in Lakeland, Florida. This will be his first work in the southeastern United States.

Calatrava as sculptor

Calatrava is also a prolific sculptor and painter, claiming that the practice of architecture combines all the arts into one. In 2003, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held an exhibition of his artistic work, entitled "Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture." Exhibitions of his work have also taken place in Germany, England, Spain, Italy and elsewhere.

Notable works

Completed

Alameda Bridge and metro station, Valencia, Spain

1983–1984, Jakem Steel Warehouse, Munchwilen, Switzerland

1983–1985, Ernsting Warehouse, Coesfeld, Germany

1983–1988, Wohlen High School, Wohlen, Switzerland

1983–1990, Stadelhofen Railway Station, Zürich, Switzerland

1983–1989, Lucerne Station Hall, Lucerne, Switzerland

1984–1987, Bac de Roda Bridge, Barcelona, Spain

1984–1988, Barenmatte Community Center, Suhr, Switzerland,

1986–1987, Tabourettli Theater, Basel, Switzerland,

1987–1992, Allen Lambert Galleria (in Brookfield Place), Toronto, Canada,

1989–1994, TGV Station, Lyon, France

1992, ''Puente del Alamillo'', Seville, Spain

1992, ''Puente de Lusitania'', Mérida, Spain

1992, Montjuic Communications Tower at the Olympic Ring, Barcelona, Spain

1992, World's Fair, Kuwaiti Pavilion, Seville, Spain

1994, Mimico Creek Bridge, Humber Bay Parks, Toronto, Ontario

1994, Oberbaumbrücke, Berlin, Germany (1896) rebuilt and opened on November 9

1994–1997, Campo Volantin Footbridge, Bilbao, Spain

1995, Trinity Bridge, footbridge over River Irwell, Salford, England

1996–2009, ''Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències'', Valencia, [Spain] View on the map

1996, Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province), Tenerife, Canary island, Spain)

1998, Gare do Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal

2000, New terminal at Bilbao Airport, Bilbao, Spain

2001, Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. View on the map

2001, Puente de la Mujer, in the Puerto Madero barrio of Buenos Aires, Argentina

2001, Bodegas Ysios, Laguardia, Spain

2002, Wave, in Dallas, Texas at the Southern Methodist University Meadows Museum

2003, James Joyce Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland

2003, Auditorio de Tenerife, the architect's first performing arts facility, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

2004, redesign of Athens Olympic Sports Complex, Athens, Greece

2004, Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay, Redding, California, USA

2004, Three bridges (called Harp, Cittern and Lute) spanning the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands

2004, University of Zurich, "Bibliothekseinbau" library remodelling, Zürich, Switzerland

2005, The bridge connecting the Ovnat shopping mall and the Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson) in Petah Tikva, Israel

2005, Turning Torso, Malmö, Sweden

2007, 3 Bridges on the A1 Motorway and TAV Railway, Reggio Emilia, Italy

2008, Chords Bridge at the entrance to Jerusalem, Israel, a light rail bridge

2008, Ponte della Costituzione footbridge from Piazzale Roma over the Grand Canal, Venice, Italy

2008-2009, Technion Obelisk, monument on the Technion campus in Haifa, Israel

2009, Liège-Guillemins TGV Railway Station, Liège, Belgium

2009, Samuel Beckett Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland

2009, Caja Madrid Obelisk, Madrid, Spain

2011, Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain, [Spanish wiki: :es:Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo [pictures]

Under construction/proposed

World Trade Center Transportation Hub, New York City, U.S.

University of South Florida Polytechnic, Lakeland, FL, U.S.

Atlanta Symphony Center, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.

Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Oviedo, Spain

Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, Dallas, Texas, U.S.

Medio Padana TAV Station, Reggio Emilia, Italy

Maastricht University Campus, Maastricht, Netherlands

Palma de Mallorca's Opera, Spain

High-rise buildings on stilts on the River Liffey in Dublin

Peace Bridge, Calgary, Canada (to be completed Spring 2011)

New railway station in Mons, Belgium

Hotel, Train Station and Two Bridges at Denver International Airport

Museu do Amanhã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Calatrava has also submitted designs for a number of notable projects which were eventually awarded to other designers, including the Reichstag in Berlin and the East London River Crossing.

Never built

1991 Collserola communications tower in Barcelona. A tower shaped like a big white spaceship was proposed, but Norman Foster ultimately designed the tower.

A bridge in Toronto to the Toronto Island Airport. Locals did not support the airport.

A campus building for Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada. His design was dropped for a less expensive design.

New cathedral for the Diocese of Oakland, California, USA. Preliminary design dropped in favor of that by local architect Craig Hartman (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, San Francisco).

New bridge across Cávado River, Barcelos, Portugal. It was dropped due to lack of funds.

Substitute bridge (''Wettstein Bridge'') across Rhine River, Basel, Switzerland. It did not pass the cantonal referendum. A less expensive bridge was built instead.

80 South Street, stack of 10 condominium units on New York City's East River, starting at $27 Million each.

Chicago Spire Chicago IL. Lack of funding

Recognition

Calatrava has received numerous recognitions. In 1988, he was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by the SOM Foundation. In 1990, he received the "Médaille d'Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique", in Paris. In 1992 he received the prestigious Gold Medal from the Institution of Structural Engineers. In 1993, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held a major exhibition of his work called "Structure and Expression". In 1998 he was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In 2004, he received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Award by the Council for the Arts of MIT. The award is among the most esteemed arts awards in the US.

He is also a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.

Awards

1979 August Perret Award

1992 London Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal

1993 Toronto Municipality Urban Design Award

1996 Gold Medal for Excellence in the Fine Arts from the Granada Ministry of Culture

1997 Honoris Causa degree awarded by Delft University of Technology

1999 Prince of Asturias Award in Arts

2000 Algur H. Meadows Award for Excellence in the Arts from the Meadows School of the Arts, Southern Methodist University

2005 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal

2006 Eugene McDermott Award in the Arts from the Council for the Arts at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

2006 Honorary Engineering Degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Designation as a Global Leader for Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in Davos

2007 Honorary Engineering Degree from Columbia University

2007 Awarded with the Spanish National Architecture Award

Design Futures Council Senior Fellow

Criticism

Calatrava's work in Bilbao has been criticized for impracticality. The airport lacks facilities and the bridge's glass tiles are prone to break and get slippery under the local weather, which urged the local administration to add anti-slip bands to its floor, with the implied impact to the appearance of the bridge. In 2007, Calatrava sued Bilbao for allowing Arata Isozaki to remove a bar from the bridge to connect it to the Isozaki Atea towers. The judge ruled against Calatrava, on the ground that, although the building design is protected by the intellectual property law, public safety is more important than intellectual property. In a 2009 appeal he received €30,000 in compensation. The Isozaki joint has been cited as bold and destructive.

Calatrava gifted the Municipality of Venice with the project of a new bridge on the "Canal Grande" in 1996. As of 2007, the project was still under construction and has gone through numerous structural changes, because of the mechanical instability of the structure and the excessive weight of the bridge, which would cause the bank of the canal to fail. In 10 years the project has been inspected by more than 8 different consultants and the cost has raised up to three times the original expectations. The work was completed in August 2008. In addition, the bridge has been criticized for its unpractical design. It has many steps embedded in its relatively steep pavement, which makes it uncomfortable to walk on, especially for the elderly. Moreover, it does not have a ramp so that it cannot be used by wheelchair users.

His works have been plagued with excess of costs, secrecy and problems. For example, Calgary's Peace Bridge, which was slated to open in 2010, has been delayed due to faulty welding. As of June 2011, the bridge remains uncompleted.

Exhibits

A special exhibition was presented at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in March 2006.

Personal life

His nephew Álex Calatrava is a professional tennis player. His two sons have or are in the process of getting advanced degrees in Engineering from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University in New York City.

Further reading

References

External links

Official Website

Gallery of works

Santiago Calatrava News Aggregator

Great Buildings On-Line: Santiago Calatrava

Unofficial website

Calatrava's projects on the map

Extended profile of the architect in the NYRB, December 2006

''The New Yorker'', 31 October 2005, "The Sculptor"

''The Guardian'', 17 January 2006, "The Gaudí Effect"

Pictures and profile at Specifier

Many pictures of Calatrava's Art on Trekearth

Calatrava's 80 South Street condo design for New York

CNN interview with Santiago Calatrava

Proposed design for south terminal expansion at Denver International Airport

Category:Santiago Calatrava structures Category:High-tech architecture Category:1951 births Category:Columbia Engineering alumni Category:Living people Category:People from Valencia Category:IStructE Gold Medal winners Category:Valencian architects Category:Spanish architects Category:Valencian engineers Category:Spanish engineers Category:ETH Zurich alumni Category:Structural engineers Category:Bridge engineers *Santiago Calatrava

af:Santiago Calatrava ar:سنتياغو كالاترافا zh-min-nan:Santiago Calatrava be:Сант'яга Калатрава bs:Santiago Calatrava bg:Сантяго Калатрава ca:Santiago Calatrava Valls cs:Santiago Calatrava de:Santiago Calatrava el:Σαντιάγο Καλατράβα es:Santiago Calatrava eo:Santiago Calatrava eu:Santiago Calatrava fa:سانتیاگو کالاتراوا fr:Santiago Calatrava Valls gl:Santiago Calatrava hr:Santiago Calatrava io:Santiago Calatrava it:Santiago Calatrava he:סנטיאגו קלטרווה ka:სანტიაგო კალატრავა sw:Santiago Calatrava lv:Santjago Kalatrava lb:Santiago Calatrava lt:Santiago Calatrava li:Santiago Calatrava hu:Santiago Calatrava mi:Santiago Calatrava ms:Santiago Calatrava ro:Santiago Calatrava nl:Santiago Calatrava ja:サンティアゴ・カラトラバ no:Santiago Calatrava nn:Santiago Calatrava pl:Santiago Calatrava pt:Santiago Calatrava ru:Калатрава, Сантьяго sk:Santiago Calatrava sr:Сантијаго Калатрава fi:Santiago Calatrava sv:Santiago Calatrava ta:சந்தியாகோ கலத்ராவா th:ซานเตียโก กาลาตราบา tr:Santiago Calatrava uk:Сантьяго Калатрава vi:Santiago Calatrava zh:聖地牙哥·卡拉特拉瓦

Name	Fito Páez
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Rodolfo Páez Ávalos
Birth date	March 13, 1963
Origin	Rosario, Argentina
Instruments	Singing, Piano
Genre	Rock
Occupation	singer-songwriter, film director
Years active	1979–present
Label	Warner Music/Distribuidora Belgrano Norte/Sony Music
Notable albums	El Amor Después del Amor (1992)
Website	http://www.fitopaezmusica.com.ar/ }}

Rodolfo ''"Fito"'' Páez Ávalos (born March 13, 1963 in Rosario, Santa Fe Province) is an Argentine popular rock and roll pianist, lyricist, Spanish language singer and film director.

Biography

Early career

His real name is Rodolfo Páez, like his father. When he was a child people called him "Rodolfito" (in Spanish, an affectionate form of "Rodolfo") to distinguish him from his father. With the passage of time, this nickname became just "Fito", and that is where his stage name came from.

He formed Staff, his first band when he was 13. In 1977, he played in El Banquete with Rubén Goldín and Jorge Llonch. He began to perform solo in pubs the following year.

Straight out of high school, he began touring with several bands and soon after that produced his first solo album, "Del '63", which was released in 1984. It was promoted first in his home town, but later earned attention in Buenos Aires. The recording was put together with the help of some of Argentina's most prominent musicians, including Daniel Wirtz, Fabián Gallardo, Tweety González and Paul Dourge. The disc won him critical acclaim as a songwriter and helped lead to future projects, including a 1985 album, "Giros".

The demo of that album earned him the praise of Luis Alberto Spinetta, as well as a partnership - Paez's next album, 1986's "La La La" was a duet with Spinetta. The duo supported that album with a tour that reached all the way to Santiago, Chile. The same year, he participated in the Thousand Days of Democracy festival with Spinetta, Juan Carlos Baglietto, Silvina Garré and Antonio Tarragó Ros.

His 1987 recording, "Ciudad de Pobres Corazones", marked a dark, political turn for his work. It was dedicated to the memory of his aunt and grandmother, who were assassinated in Rosario. The album seethed with anger, but it was also more rhythmic and showed greater songwriting depth than his previous recordings. Páez got his first taste of production work with "Ey!", which was released in 1988. Recorded in New York and Havana, it also showcased many of the musicians that he had worked with previously, including Guillermo Vadalá, Daniel Colombres and Osvaldo Fattoruso. It also featured the trumpeters and saxophonists of the group, Afrocuba. Less harsh than his previous recording, it was one of his most balanced records.

1990 - present

"Tercer Mundo", released in 1990, explores Latin American cultural influences and showed the harsh world of poverty and exploitation. It, too was critically acclaimed, but it was Paez' 1992 album, "El Amor Después del Amor" that marked the pinnacle of his commercial success. The album sold more than 750,000 copies and when Paez toured to support it, he found himself playing to sold-out shows for 40,000 people. Shortly after its release, he played a benefit concert for UNICEF which raised more than $420,000.

The follow-up, "Circo Beat", had impossibly high expectations and though it had several hit songs, including "Mariposa Tecknicolor" and "Tema de Piluso," as well as a companion album, Circo Beat Brazil, which featured Brazilian remixes of its hits, it only sold around 350,000 copies.

Several other projects were completed in the late '90s, including a live album, ''Euforia'' and 1998's ''Sabina & Paez: Enemigos Intimos'', with Joaquín Sabina. The year 1999 brought another balanced, superbly produced album, "Abre". He also took home two Grammys at the first annual Latin Grammy Award in fall 2000. He lived with Argentine actress Cecilia Roth for some years, with whom he adopted a child in 1999.

Paez' 2003 album "Naturaleza sangre" marks a return to his musical past, featuring appearances from Charly García, Luis Alberto Spinetta and Brazilian artist Rita Lee on the previously unreleased version of "Ojos Rojos". At 40 years old, Paez finds himself at his musical peak.

In 2006, Páez was given an ''escopetarra'' (a decommissioned AK-47 converted into a guitar) by Colombian musician and peace activist César López in honor of his music.

The album ''El mundo cabe en una canción'' won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2007.

In 2008 recorded, ''No se si es Baires o Madrid'', in Madrid, Spain. He invited several important musicians, such as Pablo Milanés, Joaquín Sabina and Ariel Rot to participate. In 2010, presented the album ''Confiá''.

Discography

Del 63 (1984) ("Of 63")

Giros (1985) ("Turns")

Corazón clandestino (1986) (Maxi-single) ("Clandestine heart")

La La La (with Luis Alberto Spinetta) (1986)

Ciudad de pobres corazones (1987) ("Poor heart's town")

Ey! (1988)

Tercer mundo (1990) ("Third World")

El Amor Después del Amor (1992) ("Love after love")

Circo Beat (1994) ("Beat Circus")

Euforia (live) (1996) ("Euphoria")

Enemigos íntimos (with Joaquín Sabina) (1998) ("Intimate enemies")

Abre (1999) ("Open")

Rey Sol (2000) ("King Sun")

Naturaleza sangre (2003) ("Blood nature")

Mi vida con ellas I (live) (2004) ("My life with them")

Mi vida con ellas II (live) (2004)

Moda y pueblo (2005) ("Fashion & people")

El mundo cabe en una canción (2006) ("The world fits in a song")

Rodolfo (2007)

No sé si es Baires o Madrid (live) (2008) ("I don't know if it's Baires or Madrid")

Confiá (2010) ("Trust")

Compilations

Grandes éxitos (1990) ("Greatest hits")

Crónica (1991) ("Chronicle")

Lo mejor de Fito Páez (1993) ("The best of Fito Páez")

Lo mejor de los mejores – Volume 1 and 2 (1995/1996) ("The best of the bests")

Lo duro/Lo suave de Fito Páez (1996) ("Hard/Soft of Fito Páez")

Serie de oro: grandes éxitos (1999) ("Gold series: Greatest hits")

Antología (2002) ("Anthology")

Músicos, poetas y locos (2003) ("Musicians, poets and fools")

Super 6 (2003)

Gran reserva (2005) ("Great reserve")

Grandes Canciones (2008) (live) ("Great songs")

Tributes

Homenaje a Fito Páez (2006) ("Tribute to Fito Páez")

Filmography

Vidas privadas ("Private lives") (2001)

¿De quién es el portaligas? (2007) ("Whose is the garter belt?")

References

Horacio Vargas: Fito Páez - La biografía - La vida después de la vida. Homosapiens, Buenos Aires 1994, ISBN 950-808-044-2.

External links

Fito Páez Biography (1/5) on You Tube

Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Argentine male singers Category:Argentine musicians Category:Argentine songwriters Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:People from Rosario, Santa Fe Category:Rock en Español musicians Category:Argentine pianists

de:Fito Páez es:Fito Páez eo:Fito Páez fr:Fito Páez oc:Fito Páez pt:Fito Páez uk:Фіто Паес

name	Santiago Aragón
fullname	Santiago Aragón Martínez
birth date	April 03, 1968
cityofbirth	Málaga
countryofbirth	Spain
height
position	Midfielder
years1	1985–1988
years2	1988–1993
years3	1989
years4	1989–1990
years5	1991–1992
years6	1992–1993
years7	1993–2003
years8	1987–2003
clubs1	Real Madrid B
clubs2	Real Madrid
clubs3	→ Español (loan)
clubs4	→ Logroñés (loan)
clubs5	→ Valladolid (loan)
clubs6	→ Zaragoza (loan)
clubs7	Zaragoza
clubs8	Total
caps1	69
caps2	18
caps3	8
caps4	21
caps5	17
caps6	10
caps7	293
caps8	414
goals1	6
goals2	1
goals3	0
goals4	3
goals5	3
goals6	2
goals7	33
goals8	46
nationalyears1	1985
nationalyears2	1989
nationalteam1	Spain U18
nationalteam2	Spain U21
nationalcaps1	1
nationalcaps2	1
nationalgoals1	0
nationalgoals2	0
ntupdate	}}

Santiago Aragón Martínez (born 3 April 1968 in Málaga, Andalusia) is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder.

He was a technically evolved player who often assumed playmaker duties, and played mainly for Real Zaragoza, appearing in more than 350 official games in 11 seasons - 10 in La Liga - and winning three major titles.

Football career

A Real Madrid youth graduate, Aragón played one game (16 April 1988, 0–0 at Celta de Vigo) for the 1988 league champions, also appearing in two 1/2 seasons with the reserve team in Segunda División. Barred by Rafael Martín Vázquez first and Gheorghe Hagi afterwards, Aragón was loaned successively to RCD Español and CD Logroñés, both in La Liga, where he was also rarely used (29 appearances combined).

After another loan at Real Valladolid (with top flight relegation), Aragón's career was threatened with fading into obscurity until he joined Real Zaragoza, first on loan. He would be the Aragonese side's dictator of play for several seasons (providing for the likes of Miguel Pardeza, Juan Esnáider and Gustavo Poyet), only missing nine combined matches in his first four seasons, while also netting 17 goals himself.

Aragón was part of the sides that won the 1995 the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, having conquered the domestic cup the previous season. After contributing with four goals to Zaragoza's return to the top division in 2003, he retired aged 35, with nearly 500 official matches to his credit.

In January 2008, Aragón had his first coaching experience, joining former Zaragoza teammate Ander Garitano's coaching staff, precisely at the club. After only one week and two matches (one in the cup), the head manager cited personal reasons for leaving his post, and his assistant followed him.

Honours

Real Madrid:

*Spanish League: 1987–88

*Spanish Supercup: 1990

Zaragoza:

*UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1994–95

*Spanish Cup: 1993–94, 2000–01

External links

BDFutbol profile

Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:People from Málaga (city) Category:Spanish footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:La Liga footballers Category:Real Madrid Castilla footballers Category:Real Madrid C.F. players Category:RCD Espanyol footballers Category:CD Logroñés footballers Category:Real Valladolid footballers Category:Real Zaragoza footballers Category:Spain under-21 international footballers

ca:Santiago Aragón Martínez es:Santiago Aragón